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<title>Code-excited linear prediction</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Code-excited linear prediction</span></span>

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<p><b>Code-excited linear prediction</b> (<b>CELP</b>) is a <a href="Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive</a> <a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> algorithm originally proposed by <a href="Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Manfred R. Schroeder</a> and <a href="Bishnu_S._Atal" title="Bishnu S. Atal">Bishnu S. Atal</a> in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as <a href="Residual-excited_linear_prediction" title="Residual-excited linear prediction">residual-excited linear prediction</a> (RELP) and <a href="Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive coding</a> (LPC) <a href="Vocoders" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocoders">vocoders</a> (e.g., <a href="FS-1015" class="mw-redirect" title="FS-1015">FS-1015</a>). Along with its variants, such as <a href="Algebraic_CELP" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic CELP">algebraic CELP</a>, <a href="Relaxed_CELP" class="mw-redirect" title="Relaxed CELP">relaxed CELP</a>, <a href="Low-delay_CELP" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-delay CELP">low-delay CELP</a> and <a href="Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">vector sum excited linear prediction</a>, it is currently the most widely used speech coding algorithm. It is also used in <a href="MPEG-4_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Audio">MPEG-4 Audio</a> speech coding. CELP is commonly used as a generic term for a class of algorithms and not for a particular codec.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>The CELP algorithm is based on four main ideas:

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<ul><li>Using the <a href="Source-filter_model_of_speech_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Source-filter model of speech production">source-filter model of speech production</a> through <a href="Linear_prediction" title="Linear prediction">linear prediction</a> (LP) (see the textbook "speech coding algorithm");</li>

<li>Using an adaptive and a fixed codebook as the input (excitation) of the LP model;</li>

<li>Performing a search in closed-loop in a "perceptually weighted domain".</li>

<li>Applying <a href="Vector_quantization" title="Vector quantization">vector quantization</a> (VQ)</li></ul>

<p>The original algorithm as simulated in 1983 by Schroeder and Atal required 150 seconds to encode 1 second of speech when run on a <a href="Cray-1" title="Cray-1">Cray-1</a> supercomputer. Since then, more efficient ways of implementing the codebooks and improvements in computing capabilities have made it possible to run the algorithm in embedded devices, such as mobile phones.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CELP_decoder">CELP decoder</h2></div>

<p>Before exploring the complex encoding process of CELP we introduce the decoder here. Figure 1 describes a generic CELP decoder. The excitation is produced by summing the contributions from fixed (a.k.a. stochastic or innovation) and adaptive (a.k.a. pitch) codebooks:

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e[n]=e_{f}[n]+e_{a}[n]\,}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./a73d143a87b39cf54d37364911a2b427f53774ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.88ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e[n]=e_{f}[n]+e_{a}[n]\,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>where <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{f}[n]}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{f}[n]}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./da6cae880892e3cceebf1a6e4688c466b0904a2d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.908ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{f}[n]}" loading="lazy"></span> is the fixed (a.k.a. stochastic or innovation) codebook contribution and <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{a}[n]}">

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</math></span><img src="./5006fcfe0a5ffa191978804f946186a83e8d9284.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.874ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{a}[n]}" loading="lazy"></span> is the adaptive (<a href="Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a>) codebook contribution. The fixed codebook is a <a href="Vector_quantization" title="Vector quantization">vector quantization</a> dictionary that is (implicitly or explicitly) hard-coded into the codec. This codebook can be algebraic (<a href="ACELP" class="mw-redirect" title="ACELP">ACELP</a>) or be stored explicitly (e.g. <a href="Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a>). The entries in the adaptive codebook consist of delayed versions of the excitation. This makes it possible to efficiently code periodic signals, such as voiced sounds.

</p><p>The filter that shapes the excitation has an all-pole model of the form <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/A(z)}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/A(z)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./900c4f9f07019462086b8a7981c27e2d6d5b2471.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.965ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/A(z)}" loading="lazy"></span>, where <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(z)}">

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(z)}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./a73d875e7b3ae0e0ceb6ce39dc27049a958b3fab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.641ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(z)}" loading="lazy"></span> is called the prediction filter and is obtained using linear prediction (<a href="Levinson_recursion" title="Levinson recursion">Levinson–Durbin algorithm</a>). An all-pole filter is used because it is a good representation of the human vocal tract and because it is easy to compute.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CELP_encoder">CELP encoder</h2></div>

<p>The main principle behind CELP is called analysis-by-synthesis (AbS) and means that the encoding (analysis) is performed by perceptually optimizing the decoded (synthesis) signal in a closed loop. In theory, the best CELP stream would be produced by trying all possible bit combinations and selecting the one that produces the best-sounding decoded signal. This is obviously not possible in practice for two reasons: the required complexity is beyond any currently available hardware and the “best sounding” selection criterion implies a human listener.

</p><p>In order to achieve real-time encoding using limited computing resources, the CELP search is broken down into smaller, more manageable, sequential searches using a simple perceptual weighting function. Typically, the encoding is performed in the following order:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">Linear prediction coefficients</a> (LPC) are computed and quantized, usually as <a href="Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">line spectral pairs</a> (LSPs).</li>

<li>The adaptive (pitch) codebook is searched and its contribution removed.</li>

<li>The fixed (innovation) codebook is searched.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_weighting">Noise weighting</h3></div>

<p>Most (if not all) modern audio codecs attempt to <a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">shape the coding noise</a> so that it appears mostly in the frequency regions where the ear cannot detect it. For example, the ear is more tolerant to noise in parts of the spectrum that are louder and vice versa. That's why instead of minimizing the simple quadratic error, CELP minimizes the error for the <i>perceptually weighted</i> domain. The weighting filter W(z) is typically derived from the LPC filter by the use of <a href="Bandwidth_expansion" title="Bandwidth expansion">bandwidth expansion</a>:

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W(z)={\frac {A(z/\gamma _{1})}{A(z/\gamma _{2})}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./ab89561b745e46c6bff6caa52a162e7da2c31f33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:17.329ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W(z)={\frac {A(z/\gamma _{1})}{A(z/\gamma _{2})}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{1}>\gamma _{2}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./a53aa6958595592fcffa9124a8dab7c9a2c2f404.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.615ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{1}>\gamma _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.

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<ul><li><a href="MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">MPEG-4 Part 3</a> (CELP as an MPEG-4 Audio Object Type)</li>

<li><a href="G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a> – Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction</li>

<li><a href="G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a> – uses CELP for the lower two layers for the band (50–6400 Hz) in a two-stage coding structure</li>

<li><a href="G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a> – uses CELP coding for the lower band (50–4000 Hz) in a three-stage coding structure</li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li>

<li><a href="CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a> is a related audio codec that borrows some ideas from CELP.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>B.S. Atal, "The History of Linear Prediction," <i>IEEE Signal Processing Magazine</i>, vol. 23, no. 2, March 2006, pp. 154–161.</li>

<li>M. R. Schroeder and B. S. Atal, "Code-excited linear prediction (CELP): high-quality speech at very low bit rates," in <i>Proceedings of the IEEE <a href="International_Conference_on_Acoustics%2C_Speech%2C_and_Signal_Processing" title="International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing">International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing</a></i> (ICASSP), vol. 10, pp. 937–940, 1985.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>This article is based on a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.xiph.org/~jm/papers/speex_lca2006.pdf">paper</a> presented at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux.conf.au/">Linux.Conf.Au</a></li>

<li>Some parts based on the <a href="Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a> codec <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speex.org/docs/">manual</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/comp.speech/Section3/Software/celp-3.2a.html">reference implementations</a> of CELP 1016A (CELP 3.2a) and LPC 10e. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212000335/http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/comp.speech/Section3/Software/celp-3.2a.html">Archived</a> 2016-12-12 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602220112/http://www.otolith.com/otolith/olt/lpc.html">Linear Predictive Coding (LPC)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_readings">Selected readings</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speex.org/docs/manual/speex-manual/node9.html">Introduction to CELP Coding</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnx.org/content/m10482/latest/">Speech Processing: Theory of LPC Analysis and Synthesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140615041652/http://cnx.org/content/m10482/latest/">Archived</a> 2014-06-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Data_compression_methods241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Entropy_coding" title="Entropy coding">Entropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_coding" title="Adaptive coding">Adaptive coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Asymmetric_numeral_systems" title="Asymmetric numeral systems">Asymmetric numeral systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Golomb_coding" title="Golomb coding">Golomb</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_Huffman_coding" title="Adaptive Huffman coding">Adaptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Canonical_Huffman_code" title="Canonical Huffman code">Canonical</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Range_coding" title="Range coding">Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon_coding" title="Shannon coding">Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano_coding" title="Shannon–Fano coding">Shannon–Fano</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon%E2%80%93Fano%E2%80%93Elias_coding" title="Shannon–Fano–Elias coding">Shannon–Fano–Elias</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunstall_coding" title="Tunstall coding">Tunstall</a></li>

<li><a href="Unary_coding" title="Unary coding">Unary</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_code_(data_compression)" title="Universal code (data compression)">Universal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exponential-Golomb_coding" title="Exponential-Golomb coding">Exp-Golomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Fibonacci_coding" title="Fibonacci coding">Fibonacci</a></li>

<li><a href="Elias_gamma_coding" title="Elias gamma coding">Gamma</a></li>

<li><a href="Levenshtein_coding" title="Levenshtein coding">Levenshtein</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dictionary_coder" title="Dictionary coder">Dictionary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Byte-pair_encoding" title="Byte-pair encoding">Byte-pair encoding</a></li>

<li><a href="LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">Lempel–Ziv</a>

<li><a href="Snappy_(compression)" title="Snappy (compression)">Snappy</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">Delta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incremental_encoding" title="Incremental encoding">Incremental</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Grammar-based_code" title="Grammar-based code">Grammar</a>

<li><a href="Sequitur_algorithm" title="Sequitur algorithm">Sequitur</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>LZ77 + Huffman

<ul><li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>

<li>LZ77 + ANS

<ul><li><a href="LZFSE" title="LZFSE">LZFSE</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZ77 + Huffman + ANS

<ul><li><a href="Zstd" title="Zstd">Zstandard</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZ77 + Huffman + context

<ul><li><a href="Brotli" title="Brotli">Brotli</a></li></ul></li>

<li>LZSS + Huffman

<li>LZ77 + Range

<li>LZHAM</li></ul></li>

<li>RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a><br>type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">Discrete cosine transform</a>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li>Motion

<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Audio" title="Data compression">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Companding" title="Companding">Companding</a></li>

<li><a href="Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">Dynamic range</a></li>

<li><a href="Latency_(audio)" title="Latency (audio)">Latency</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">Sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Silence_compression" title="Silence compression">Silence compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">Sound quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">Speech coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">Sub-band coding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustic model</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Coding_tree_unit" title="Coding tree unit">Coding tree unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li>

<li><a href="Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">Compression artifact</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">Image resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroblock" title="Macroblock">Macroblock</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_test_image" title="Standard test image">Standard test image</a></li>

<li><a href="Texture_compression" title="Texture compression">Texture compression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chain_code" title="Chain code">Chain code</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflate" title="Deflate">Deflate</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractal_compression" title="Fractal compression">Fractal</a></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

<li><a href="Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees" title="Set partitioning in hierarchical trees">SPIHT</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression#Video" title="Data compression">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">Display resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Film_frame" title="Film frame">Frame</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_compression_picture_types" title="Video compression picture types">Frame types</a></li>

<li><a href="Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlace</a></li>

<li><a href="Video#Characteristics_of_video_streams" title="Video">Video characteristics</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_quality" title="Video quality">Video quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a><br>parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Deblocking_filter" title="Deblocking filter">Deblocking filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapped_transform" title="Lapped transform">Lapped transform</a></li>

<li>Motion

<ul><li><a href="Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">Estimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion vector">Vector</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wavelet_transform" title="Wavelet transform">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compressed_data_structure" title="Compressed data structure">Compressed data structures</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compressed_suffix_array" title="Compressed suffix array">Compressed suffix array</a></li>

<li><a href="FM-index" title="FM-index">FM-index</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">Entropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kolmogorov_complexity" title="Kolmogorov complexity">Kolmogorov complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Prefix_code" title="Prefix code">Prefix code</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">Quantization</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate%E2%80%93distortion_theory" title="Rate–distortion theory">Rate–distortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">Redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression_symmetry" title="Data compression symmetry">Symmetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Smallest_grammar_problem" title="Smallest grammar problem">Smallest grammar problem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mark_Adler" title="Mark Adler">Mark Adler</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats462" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multimedia_compression_and_container_formats462" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a> <a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and <a href="Container_format_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container format (computing)">container</a> formats</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video<br>compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br><a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li>

<li>MPEG-I

<li><a href="LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>H.267 / Enhanced Compression Model</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)

<ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li>

<li><a href="Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li>

<li><a href="Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li>

<li><a href="Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li>

<li><a href="MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li>

<li><a href="OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a>

<li>QuickTime

<ul><li><a href="QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li>

<li><a href="RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li>

<li><a href="SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li>

<li><a href="Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li>

<li><a href="Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br>compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br> <a href="Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a>

<ul><li><a href="MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li>

<li><a href="MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li>

<li><a href="Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3)

<ul><li>Audio Vivid(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li>

<li><a href="Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkey's_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li>

<li><a href="OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li>

<li><a href="Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li>

<li><a href="RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li>

<li><a href="Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li>

<li><a href="SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li>

<li>TTA

<ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li>

<li><a href="Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li>

<li><a href="WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li>

<li><a href="AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li>

<li><a href="AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br>compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br><a href="World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li>

<li><a href="MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a>

<li><a href="QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li>

<li><a href="RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li>

<li><a href="RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li>

<li><a href="Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li>

<li><a href="Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li>

<li><a href="Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li>

<li><a href="Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a>

<li><a href="Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-12-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Code-excited_linear_prediction&oldid=1261412407">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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